Shi V. Liu’s True World-First Important Discoveries and
Accommodations found in Mainstream Journals
|
Areas of Discoveries and Traditional Views |
Shi Liu’s World-First Discoveries and Views (Representative publications） |
Accommodations later published in mainstream
journals |
|
Bacterial/Cell Life: Bacteria do not
age and die; Some cells such
as stem cells and cancer cells are immortal; The life cycle of
bacterium/cell equals its cell cycle; One mother
bacterium/cell divides into two daughter bacteria/cells; The bacterial/cell
age cycles between 0 and 1. |
Bacteria have
intrinsic aging and will die naturally; All cells include
stem cells and cancer cells are mortal; The life cycle of
bacterium/cell is longer than its cell (reproduction) cycle because the
lifespan of a bacterium/cell should include a juvenile phase incapable of
reproduction, an adult phase capable of reproduction and a senescent phase
losing reproductive capability; A mother
bacterium/cell reproduces a child bacterium/cell. This mother bacterium/cell does not “transform”
into another child bacterium/cell but remains alive and may reproduce more
offspring bacteria and cells; The age of bacteria/cells can
be recorded by their living time. The age of bacteria/cells increase as they
live longer and such aging is irreversible; Biotic aging is an evolutionary
continuance of abiotic aging.
Organisms age and die because they are made of degradable abiotic materials; Cell division is
a fundamental conceptual mistake.
An offspring cell come from reproduction of various structural layers
of a mother cells. (11, 12, 15, 18,
20, 21, 23, 25, 29, 32-37) |
Senescence exists
in an asymmetric bacterium but still adheres to the dogma of one mother
bacterium divides into two daughter bacteria (2); Ageing and death
occurs in an symmetric bacterium but still adheres to the dogma of one mother
bacterium divides into two daughter bacteria (38); Stem cells may
age but still adheres to the dogma of one mother bacterium divides into two
daughter bacteria (4, 5); Two bacteria
divided from one mother bacterium bears a parent and offspring relationship
but consider bacterial aging as a result of asymmetric distribution of damage
in cell division (1). |
|
DNA/Chromosome Segregation: The segregation
of DNA/chromosome is random in cell division. |
The segregation
of DNA/chromosome is not random in cell reproduction but follows a specific
pattern that is the older template DNA is kept by the mother cell and the
younger template DNA is received by the child cell; There is a
synchrony between the age of DNA/chromosome and the age of cell; Damaging and
aging of DNA/chromosome is an important factor in determining the intrinsic
aging of cell; DNA/chromosome
contained in stem cells is relatively older DNA/chromosome in multicellular
organisms. It suffers from aging
impact which may result in carcinogenic changes; A synchrony
between DNA/chromosome age and cell age in cell reproduction extends the
biological implications of the semi-conservative DNA replication. (10, 13, 17, 19, 24, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33) |
Nonrandom
chromosomal segregation was observed in some embryonic stem cells but such
phenomenon was considered as a cell differentiation. The two cells formed from one cell are
still called as daughter cells (3); High degree
nonrandom DNA segregation was observed in some stem cells but not non-stem
cells. Still believe that one
mother cell divides into two daughter cells and even claim that the daughter
cell receiving the old template DNA is a self-renewed stem cell and that old
template DNA is the immortal strand (6) |
|
Definition and Scope of Heredity: The genetic base sequence of
DNA is inheritable but the epigenetic base modification is non-inheritable. Heredity is often equaled with
genetics. |
Heredity includes
genetic inheritance of DNA base sequence and epigenetic inheritance of DNA
base modification. DNA base
sequence inheritance provides a basic assurance for the species stability but
DNA base modification and its inheritance provides a mechanism for organisms
to adapt to different living environment (19, 26, 31). |
Such deep
insightful views have not been seen in others’ publication. |
|
Origin and Evolution of Life: All extent lives are
descended from a common cellular ancestor. |
Life could not
all originated from a common cellular ancestor but might come from different
acellular ancestors. The independently
originated life forms show a radical distribution and can have parallel
evolution. The different lines of
evolution series can have different evolution “speed”. Different environments can have
different fitters (14, 16). |
The common
ancestors are a cell community (40).
Evolution can be collective (39), parallel (7) and explosive (8) |
|
Human Origin and Evolution: All human came
from a common hominin ancestor.
Human evolution is a single line linear process of from
black/primitive to white/advanced. |
Different human
species came from different non-human ancestors. Different human species have
undeniable biological differences but such differences should not be equal
with any direct “superior”/”inferior” differences. As a common classification of Homo genus, different human species
should entitled with some common human rights. Human beings should reject the
thinking of repelling different human species and destroying enemies and
resort to the construction of harmonious society which preserves difference
while seeks commonality (9, 22)。 |
Fighting against
race discrimination is a common goal of human society. Constructing a harmonious society is a
proposal made by Chinese leaders to the world. But no one has offered a scientific
basis for these views from a new perspective on the origin and evolution of
life including human life. |
References and Annotations
1. Ackermann, M., L. Chao, C. T. Bergstrom, and
M. Doebeli. 2007. On the
evolutionary origin of aging. Aging Cell 6:235-44.
[Note: This is, besides me, the
first other publication in the world which admits that the two bacteria come
from one bacterium bear a parent-offspring relationship. However it is 8 years later than the
conclusion I made in my 1999 Science in
China publication.]
2. Ackermann, M., S. C. Stearns, and U. Jenal.
2003. Senescence in a bacterium with asymmetric division. Science 300:1920. [Note: This was heralded as the world first discovery
on bacterial aging. However, it is
four years later than my 1999 Science in
China publication. One of the
authors, U. Jenal who was a mentor of Ackermann who was studying for a PhD degree at that
time,
attended the 1997 ASM (American Society for Microbiology) General Meeting where
I presented my discovery on bacterial life to the large-scale public world for
the first time. In addition, the method used by this
2003 Science paper is the same as I described in my earlier patent disclosure.]
3. Armakolas, A., and A. J. Klar. 2006. Cell type regulates
selective segregation of mouse chromosome 7 DNA strands in mitosis. Science 311:1146-9. [Note: This report has been regarded as the world-first
observation on nonrandom chromosome segregation. However, such observation is already
predicted 7 years ago in my 1999 Science
in China publication. The
corresponding author of this paper, A. J. Klar is a
senior investigator in the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of NIH. He told me that my seminar (given in
1997 as invited by NCI for describing bacterial life and intrinsic cell aging
and nonrandom DNA segregation) “touched his heart”.]
4. Brack, A. S., M. J. Conboy,
5. Chambers, S. M., C. A. Shaw, C. Gatza, C. J.
Fisk, L. A. Donehower, and M. A. Goodell.
2007. Aging hematopoietic stem cells decline in
function and exhibit epigenetic dysregulation. PLoS Biol 5:e201. [Note: This paper was considered as the
world-first report on the epigenetic contribution to stem cell aging. However, my 2005 publications in Logical Biology had already depicted
such mechanisms in greater details and such knowledge was presented to an
international meeting on aging held in
6. Conboy, M. J., A. O. Karasov, and T. A. Rando.
2007. High incidence of non-random template strand segregation and asymmetric
fate determination in dividing stem cells and their progeny. PLoS Biol 5:1120-1126
[Note: This paper has been
heralded as the world-first discovery on nonrandom DNA segregation. But it is 8 years later than the
conclusion that I reached in my 1999 Science
in China publication. The
segregation pattern described in this paper was already clearly depicted in a
drawing contained in my 2005 publication in Logical
Biology. The corresponding
author of this paper, T. A. Rando of
7. Doolittle, W. F., and E. Bapteste. 2007.
Pattern pluralism and the Tree of Life hypothesis. Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A 104:2043-9.
8. Koonin, E. V. 2007. The Biological Big Bang model for
the major transitions in evolution. Biol
Direct 2:21.
9. Liu, S. V. 2007. Admitting different origins for human species,
constructing harmonious society for human beings Pioneer 2:39-42.
10. Liu, S. V. 2006. Are stem cells really immortal cells? Logical
Biology 6:71-75.
11. Liu, S. V. 2006. Cell division versus cell reproduction: No
evidence for cell "division". Logical Biology 6:62-64.
12. Liu, S. V. 2006. Cell does not cycle and cannot be divided. Logical
Biology 6:103-105.
13. Liu, S. V. 2005. "Cellular senescence": What does it
really mean? Logical Biology 5:308-310.
14. Liu, S. V. 2007. Darwin was indeed wrong but Koonin's
revolution may not be novel. Biol. Direct 2:21
Comment.
15. Liu, S. V. 2005. Debating cell-synchronization methodologies:
further points and alternative answers. Trends Biotechnol 23:9-10.
16. Liu, S. V. 2006. Evolution: an integrated theory - Criticisms on
Darwinism - Fifteen years ago. Pioneer 1:10-28.
[Note: This is the same paper that was given to Woese
in 1991 and might be the true origin for some later discoveries made by Woese as represented in references 39 and 40.]
17. Liu, S. V. 2007. Immortal strand does not exist but nonrandom
strand segregation should be universal. Logical Biology 7:50-60.
18. Liu, S. V. 2007. In division we lose. Pioneer 2:27-31.
19. Liu, S. V. 2005. Linking DNA aging with cell
aging and combining genetics with epigenetics.
Logical Biology 5:51-55.
20. Liu, S. V. 2000. Logical fallacies and methodological
mistakes in microbiology - An overview. Logical Biology 1:25-31.
21. Liu, S. V. 2004. Method and apparatus for
producing age-synchronized cells.
US patent US6767734B. [Note:
This patent was filed in 2000 and was disclosed to public by US patent and
Trademark Office in 2001. The
method described in this patent was used in the Ackermann et al.’s 2003 Science report.]
22. Liu, S. V. 2007. A natural outcome long-predicted
by an alternative theory on the origin and evolution of life. Top Watch 2:47-48.
23. Liu, S. V. 2004. Prokaryotic aging: Breaking through the “cell
cycle” limitation. Logical Biology 4:1-6.
24. Liu, S. V. 2006. Put the immortality concept to death. Logical
Biology 6:52-53.
25. Liu, S. V. 2006. Rectify the distorted microscopic view on life: an
open letter to microbiologists. Microbe 1:1.
26. Liu, S. V. 2007. Respecting published answers for important
questions on epigenetics. Top Watch 2:19-20.
27. Liu, S. V. 2006. Revisit semi-conservative DNA replication and
immortal DNA strand hypothesis. Logical Biology 6:54-61.
28. Liu, S. V. 2005. Searching for the deep root and
fundamental mechanism of biotic aging. Logical Biology 5:89-91.
29. Liu, S. V. 2005. Single-cell microbiology needs visions. ASM News 71:157-158.
30. Liu, S. V. 2006. Stem cells' self-renewal or cell
biologists' self-cheating? Logical Biology 6:106-109.
31. Liu, S. V. 2005. A theoretical framework for
understanding biotic aging from molecule to organism in multicellular
life. Logical Biology 5:109-116.
32. Liu, S. V. 1999. Tracking bacterial growth in
liquid media and a new bacterial life model. Science in China (Series C:
Life Science) (Chinese) 29:571-579.
33. Liu,
S. V. 1999. Tracking bacterial growth in liquid media and
a new bacterial life model. Science in China (Series C: Life Science)
(English) 42:644-654.
34. Liu, S. V. 2000. Viable but non-culturable
(VBNC) microorganisms: A misnomer or a whistle-blower? Logical Biology 1:17-20.
35. Liu, S. V. 2000. What is bacterial life? Logical Biology 1:5-16.
36. Liu, S. V., and J. J. Zhang. 2004. Age synchronization of Caulobacter crescentus
and implications for prokaryotic aging study. Logical Biology 4:7-15.
37. Liu, S. V., and J. J. Zhang. 2004. Crossband
in Caulobacter’s
stalk is a cell reproduction remnant and bacterial age indicator. Logical
Biology 4:16-27.
38. Stewart, E. J., R. Madden, G. Paul, and F. Taddei.
2005. Aging and death in an organism that reproduces by morphologically
symmetric division. PLoS Biol 3:295-300. [Note:
This paper was heralded as the world-first discovery of aging and death in a
symmetric bacterium. But this
discovery was 6 years later than my discovery on the same bacterium reported in
my 1999 Science in China publication.]
39. Vetsigian, K., C. Woese, and N. Goldenfeld.
2006. Collective evolution and the genetic code. Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A 103:10696-701. [Note: The view presented in this publication
represents a plagiarism on my earlier paper sent to Woese, see Note in the next
reference].
40. Woese, C. 1998. The universal ancestor. Proc Natl Acad Sci
U S A 95:6854-9. [Note: This paper been heralded as the first
time that the universal ancestor was not treated as a common cell but a community
of cells. Woese
is the world-class top expert on microbial evolution and a member of national academy
of science of
* I welcome any criticism to any mistake or misrepresentation in my
above description. Any challenge to
my claims will be published objectively in an appropriate journal in the Truthfinding publishing system.